ATmega169P
Figure 18-2. Clock Generation Logic, Block Diagram
UBRR
U2X
fosc
UBRR+1
Prescaling
Down-Counter
/2
/4
/2
0
1
0
OSC
txclk
1
DDR_XCK
Sync
Edge
Register
Detector
xcki
0
UMSEL
1
XCK
Pin
xcko
DDR_XCK
UCPOL
1
rxclk
0
Signal description:
txclk
Transmitter clock (Internal Signal).
Receiver base clock (Internal Signal).
rxclk
xcki
Input from XCK pin (internal Signal). Used for synchronous slave
operation.
xcko
Clock output to XCK pin (Internal Signal). Used for synchronous master
operation.
fosc
XTAL pin frequency (System Clock).
18.2.1
Internal Clock Generation – The Baud Rate Generator
Internal clock generation is used for the asynchronous and the synchronous master modes of
operation. The description in this section refers to Figure 18-2.
The USART Baud Rate Register (UBRRn) and the down-counter connected to it function as a
programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down-counter, running at system clock
(fosc), is loaded with the UBRRn value each time the counter has counted down to zero or when
the UBRRLn Register is written. A clock is generated each time the counter reaches zero. This
clock is the baud rate generator clock output (= fosc/(UBRRn+1)). The Transmitter divides the
baud rate generator clock output by 2, 8 or 16 depending on mode. The baud rate generator out-
put is used directly by the Receiver’s clock and data recovery units. However, the recovery units
use a state machine that uses 2, 8 or 16 states depending on mode set by the state of the
UMSELn, U2Xn and DDR_XCK bits.
Table 18-1 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for calculat-
ing the UBRRn value for each mode of operation using an internally generated clock source.
171
8018A–AVR–03/06
ATMEL [ ATMEL ]
