ꢀ ꢁꢂ ꢃ ꢄ ꢅ ꢆꢇ ꢄ ꢈꢈ ꢉ ꢀ ꢁꢂ ꢃ ꢄꢅ ꢆꢇ ꢄꢈꢈꢊ
ꢋ ꢌꢍ ꢎꢏꢐꢑꢒ ꢌ ꢓꢀ ꢏꢌ ꢔꢌ ꢀꢕꢖ ꢂꢌ ꢔ ꢓꢕꢖ ꢑꢗ ꢒ ꢆꢎ ꢂ ꢂꢒ ꢗ ꢂ
SPRS073L − AUGUST 1998 − REVISED JUNE 2005
CPU (DSP core) description
The CPU fetches VelociTI advanced very-long instruction words (VLIW) (256 bits wide) to supply up to eight
32-bit instructions to the eight functional units during every clock cycle. The VelociTI VLIW architecture
features controls by which all eight units do not have to be supplied with instructions if they are not ready to
execute. The first bit of every 32-bit instruction determines if the next instruction belongs to the same execute
packet as the previous instruction, or whether it should be executed in the following clock as a part of the next
execute packet. Fetch packets are always 256 bits wide; however, the execute packets can vary in size. The
variable-length execute packets are a key memory-saving feature, distinguishing the C62x CPU from other
VLIW architectures.
The CPU features two sets of functional units. Each set contains four units and a register file. One set contains
functional units .L1, .S1, .M1, and .D1; the other set contains units .D2, .M2, .S2, and .L2. The two register files
each contain 16 32-bit registers for a total of 32 general-purpose registers. The two sets of functional units, along
with two register files, compose sides A and B of the CPU (see the functional block and CPU diagram and
Figure 1). The four functional units on each side of the CPU can freely share the 16 registers belonging to that
side. Additionally, each side features a single data bus connected to all the registers on the other side, by which
the two sets of functional units can access data from the register files on the opposite side. While register access
by functional units on the same side of the CPU as the register file can service all the units in a single clock cycle,
register access using the register file across the CPU supports one read and one write per cycle.
Another key feature of the C62x CPU is the load/store architecture, where all instructions operate on registers
(as opposed to data in memory). Two sets of data-addressing units (.D1 and .D2) are responsible for all data
transfers between the register files and the memory. The data address driven by the .D units allows data
addresses generated from one register file to be used to load or store data to or from the other register file. The
C62x CPU supports a variety of indirect addressing modes using either linear- or circular-addressing modes
with 5- or 15-bit offsets. All instructions are conditional, and most can access any one of the 32 registers. Some
registers, however, are singled out to support specific addressing or to hold the condition for conditional
instructions (if the condition is not automatically “true”). The two .M functional units are dedicated for multiplies.
The two .S and .L functional units perform a general set of arithmetic, logical, and branch functions with results
available every clock cycle.
The processing flow begins when a 256-bit-wide instruction fetch packet is fetched from a program memory.
The 32-bit instructions destined for the individual functional units are “linked” together by “1” bits in the least
significant bit (LSB) position of the instructions. The instructions that are “chained” together for simultaneous
execution (up to eight in total) compose an execute packet. A “0” in the LSB of an instruction breaks the chain,
effectively placing the instructions that follow it in the next execute packet. If an execute packet crosses the
fetch-packet boundary (256 bits wide), the assembler places it in the next fetch packet, while the remainder of
the current fetch packet is padded with NOP instructions. The number of execute packets within a fetch packet
can vary from one to eight. Execute packets are dispatched to their respective functional units at the rate of one
per clock cycle and the next 256-bit fetch packet is not fetched until all the execute packets from the current fetch
packet have been dispatched. After decoding, the instructions simultaneously drive all active functional units
for a maximum execution rate of eight instructions every clock cycle. While most results are stored in 32-bit
registers, they can be subsequently moved to memory as bytes or half-words as well. All load and store
instructions are byte-, half-word, or word-addressable.
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