Processor Programming (Continued)
3.5.2 Segment Mechanisms
To calculate a physical memory address, the 16-bit seg-
ment base address located in the selected segment regis-
ter is multiplied by 16 and then a 16-bit offset address is
added. The resulting 20-bit address is then extended with
twelve zeros in the upper address bits to create a 32-bit
physical address.
Memory is divided into contiguous regions called “seg-
ments.” The segments allow the partitioning of individual
elements of a program. Each segment provides a zero
address-based private memory for such elements as
code, data, and stack space.
The value of the selector (the INDEX field) is multiplied by
16 to produce a base address (see Figure 3-4). The base
address is summed with the instruction offset value to pro-
duce a physical address.
The segment mechanisms select a segment in memory.
Memory is divided into an arbitrary number of segments,
each containing usually much less than the 232 byte (4
GB) maximum.
There are two segment mechanisms, one for real and vir-
tual 8086 operating modes, and one for protected mode.
3.5.2.2 Virtual 8086 Mode Segment Mechanism
In virtual 8086 mode the operation is performed as in real
mode except that a paging mechanism is added. When
paging is enabled, the paging mechanism translates the
linear address into a physical address using cached look-
up tables (refer to Section 3.5.4 “Paging Mechanism” on
page 77).
3.5.2.1 Real Mode Segment Mechanism
In real mode operation, the CPU addresses only the low-
est 1 MB of memory. In this mode a selector located in
one of the segment registers is used to locate a segment.
12 High Order Address Bits
000h
16
Offset Address
Offset Mechanism
12
20
32
Linear Address
(Physical Address)
16
20
Selected Segment
Register
X 16
Base Address
Figure 3-4. Real Mode Address Calculation
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