PIC18F2450/4450
INTRC always remains the clock source for features
such as the Watchdog Timer and the Fail-Safe Clock
Monitor.
2.4
Clock Sources and Oscillator
Switching
Like previous PIC18 enhanced devices, the
PIC18F2450/4450 family includes a feature that allows
the device clock source to be switched from the main
oscillator to an alternate low-frequency clock source.
PIC18F2450/4450 devices offer two alternate clock
sources. When an alternate clock source is enabled,
the various power-managed operating modes are
available.
The OSTS and T1RUN bits indicate which clock source
is currently providing the device clock. The OSTS bit
indicates that the Oscillator Start-up Timer has timed out
and the primary clock is providing the device clock in
primary clock modes. The T1RUN bit (T1CON<6>) indi-
cates when the Timer1 oscillator is providing the device
clock in secondary clock modes. In power-managed
modes, only one of these three bits will be set at any
time. If none of these bits are set, the INTRC is providing
the clock or the internal oscillator has just started and is
not yet stable.
Essentially, there are three clock sources for these
devices:
• Primary oscillators
• Secondary oscillators
• Internal oscillator
The IDLEN bit determines if the device goes into Sleep
mode, or one of the Idle modes, when the SLEEP
instruction is executed.
The primary oscillators include the External Crystal
and Resonator modes, the External Clock modes and
the internal oscillator. The particular mode is defined by
the FOSC3:FOSC0 Configuration bits. The details of
these modes are covered earlier in this chapter.
The use of the flag and control bits in the OSCCON
register is discussed in more detail in Section 3.0
“Power-Managed Modes”.
Note 1: The Timer1 oscillator must be enabled to
select the secondary clock source. The
Timer1 oscillator is enabled by setting the
T1OSCEN bit in the Timer1 Control regis-
ter (T1CON<3>). If the Timer1 oscillator is
not enabled, then any attempt to select a
secondary clock source will be ignored.
The secondary oscillators are those external sources
not connected to the OSC1 or OSC2 pins. These
sources may continue to operate even after the
controller is placed in a power-managed mode.
PIC18F2450/4450 devices offer the Timer1 oscillator
as a secondary oscillator. This oscillator, in all power-
managed modes, is often the time base for functions
such as a Real-Time Clock. Most often, a 32.768 kHz
watch crystal is connected between the RC0/T1OSO/
T1CKI and RC1/T1OSI/UOE pins. Like the XT and HS
Oscillator mode circuits, loading capacitors are also
connected from each pin to ground. The Timer1
oscillator is discussed in greater detail in Section 11.3
“Timer1 Oscillator”.
2: It is recommended that the Timer1
oscillator be operating and stable prior to
switching to it as the clock source; other-
wise, a very long delay may occur while
the Timer1 oscillator starts.
2.4.2
OSCILLATOR TRANSITIONS
PIC18F2450/4450 devices contain circuitry to prevent
clock “glitches” when switching between clock sources.
A short pause in the device clock occurs during the
clock switch. The length of this pause is the sum of two
cycles of the old clock source and three to four cycles
of the new clock source. This formula assumes that the
new clock source is stable.
In addition to being a primary clock source, the internal
oscillator is available as a power-managed mode
clock source. The INTRC source is also used as the
clock source for several special features, such as the
WDT and Fail-Safe Clock Monitor.
2.4.1
OSCILLATOR CONTROL REGISTER
Clock transitions are discussed in greater detail in
Section 3.1.2 “Entering Power-Managed Modes”.
The OSCCON register (Register 2-1) controls several
aspects of the device clock’s operation, both in full
power operation and in power-managed modes.
The System Clock Select bits, SCS1:SCS0, select the
clock source. The available clock sources are the
primary clock (defined by the FOSC3:FOSC0 Configura-
tion bits), the secondary clock (Timer1 oscillator) and the
internal oscillator. The clock source changes immedi-
ately after one or more of the bits is written to, following
a brief clock transition interval. The SCS bits are cleared
on all forms of Reset.
DS39760A-page 30
Advance Information
© 2006 Microchip Technology Inc.
MICROCHIP [ MICROCHIP ]
