TOP232-234
CONTROL pin current, before the CONTROL pin voltage has
had a chance to discharge to the lower threshold voltage of
approximately 4.8 V (internal supply under-voltage lockout
threshold). When the externally fed current charges the
CONTROL pin to the shunt regulator voltage of 5.8 V, current
in excess of the consumption of the chip is shunted to SOURCE
through resistor RE as shown in Figure 2. This current flowing
through RE controls the duty cycle of the power MOSFET to
provide closed loop regulation. The shunt regulator has a finite
low output impedance ZC that sets the gain of the error amplifier
when used in a primary feedback configuration. The dynamic
impedance ZC of the CONTROL pin together with the external
CONTROL pin capacitance sets the dominant pole for the
control loop.
Oscillator and Switching Frequency
Theinternaloscillatorlinearlychargesanddischargesaninternal
capacitance between two voltage levels to create a sawtooth
waveformforthepulsewidthmodulator. Theoscillatorsetsthe
pulse width modulator/current limit latch at the beginning of
each cycle.
The nominal switching frequency of 132 kHz was chosen to
minimize transformer size while keeping the fundamental EMI
frequency below 150 kHz. The FREQUENCY pin (available
only in TO-220 package), when shorted to the CONTROL pin,
lowers the switching frequency to 66 kHz (half frequency)
which may be preferable in some cases such as noise sensitive
videoapplicationsorahighefficiencystandbymode. Otherwise,
theFREQUENCYpinshouldbeconnectedtotheSOURCEpin
for the default 132 kHz. Trimming of the current reference
improves oscillator frequency accuracy.
When a fault condition such as an open loop or shorted output
preventstheflowofanexternalcurrentintotheCONTROLpin,
the capacitor on the CONTROL pin discharges towards 4.8 V.
At4.8Vauto-restartisactivatedwhichturnstheoutputMOSFET
off and puts the control circuitry in a low current standby mode.
The high-voltage current source turns on and charges the
external capacitance again. A hysteretic internal supply under-
voltage comparator keeps VC within a window of typically 4.8
to 5.8 V by turning the high-voltage current source on and off
as shown in Figure 5. The auto-restart circuit has a divide-by-
8 counter which prevents the output MOSFET from turning on
again until eight discharge/charge cycles have elapsed. This is
accomplished by enabling the output MOSFET only when the
divide-by-8 counter reaches full count (S7). The counter
effectivelylimitsTOPSwitch-FXpowerdissipationbyreducing
the auto-restart duty cycle to typically 4%. Auto-restart mode
continues until output voltage regulation is again achieved
through closure of the feedback loop.
To further reduce the EMI level, the switching frequency is
jittered (frequency modulated) by approximately 4 kHz at
250 Hz (typical) rate as shown in Figure 6. Figure 28 shows the
typical improvement of EMI measurements with frequency
jitter.
Pulse Width Modulator and Maximum Duty Cycle
The pulse width modulator implements voltage mode control
by driving the output MOSFET with a duty cycle inversely
proportional to the current into the CONTROL pin that is in
excess of the internal supply current of the chip (see Figure 4).
The excess current is the feedback error signal that appears
across RE (see Figure 2). This signal is filtered by an RC
network with a typical corner frequency of 7 kHz to reduce the
effectofswitchingnoiseinthechipsupplycurrentgeneratedby
VUV
VLINE
0 V
S0
S0
S7
S1
S2
S6
S7 S0
S1
S2
S6
S7
S1 S2
S6
S7
S7
5.8 V
4.8 V
VC
0 V
VDRAIN
0 V
VOUT
0 V
1
2
3
2
4
Note: S0 through S7 are the output states of the auto-restart counter
PI-2545-082299
Figure 5. Typical Waveforms for (1) Power Up (2) Normal Operation (3) Auto-restart (4) Power Down .
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PAM [ POWER ANALOG MICOELECTRONICS ]
