Notebook CPU Step-Down Controller for Intel
-
Mobile Voltage Positioning (IMVP II)
step. The amount of output sag is also a function of
the maximum duty factor, which can be calculated
from the on-time and minimum off-time:
Examining the Figure 1 example with a Q2 maximum
R = 3.8mΩ at T = +25°C and 5.7mΩ at T =
DS(ON)
J
J
+125°C reveals the following:
I
= 95mV / 5.7mΩ = 16.7A
LIMIT(LOW)
V
V
2
OUT
(I
− I
) × L K
+ t
LOAD1 LOAD2
OFF(MIN)
and the required valley current limit is:
> 19A - (0.30 / 2) 19A = 16.2A
IN
V
=
SAG
V
− V
OUT
I
IN
LIMIT(LOW)
2 × C
× V
K
− t
OFF(MIN)
OUT
OUT
V
IN
Since 16.7A is greater than the required 16.2A, the cir-
cuit can deliver the full-rated 19A.
where t
is the minimum off-time (see the
Electrical Characteristics tables) and K is from Table 2.
OFF(MIN)
When delivering 19A of output current, the worst-case
power dissipation of Q2 is 1.95W. With a thermal resis-
tance of 60°C/W and each MOSFET dissipating 0.98W,
Inductor Selection
The switching frequency and operating point (% ripple or
✕
the temperature rise of the MOSFETs is 60°C/W
LIR) determine the inductor value as follows:
0.98W = 58°C, and the maximum ambient temperature
is +125°C - 58°C = +67°C. To operate at a higher
V
V
V
ambient temperature, choose lower R
MOSFETs
DS(ON)
OUT
(
IN − OUT
)
L =
or reduce the thermal resistance. Raising the current-
limit threshold allows for operation with a higher MOS-
FET junction temperature.
V
× fSW × LIR × I
IN
LOAD(MAX)
Example: I
= 19A, V = 7V, V
= 1.25V,
OUT
LOAD(MAX)
IN
Connect ILIM to V
for a default 100mV current-limit
CC
fSW = 300kHz, 30% ripple current or LIR = 0.30.
threshold. For an adjustable threshold, connect a resistor
divider from REF to GND, with ILIM connected to the
center tap. The external adjustment range of 0.5V to 3.0V
corresponds to a current-limit threshold of 50mV to
300mV. When adjusting the current limit, use 1% toler-
ance resistors and a 10µA divider current to prevent a
significant increase of errors in the current-limit toler-
ance.
1.25V(7V − 1.25V)
7V × 300kHz × 0.30 × 19A
L =
= 0.60µH
Find a low-loss inductor having the lowest possible DC
resistance that fits in the allotted dimensions. Ferrite
cores are often the best choice, although powdered
iron is inexpensive and can work well at 200kHz. The
core must be large enough not to saturate at the peak
Output Capacitor Selection
The output filter capacitor must have low enough effective
series resistance (ESR) to meet output ripple and load-
transient requirements, yet have high enough ESR to
satisfy stability requirements. Also, the capacitance
value must be high enough to absorb the inductor energy
going from a full-load to no-load condition without tripping
the OVP circuit.
inductor current (I
).
PEAK
+ (LIR / 2) I
LOAD(MAX) LOAD(MAX)
I
= I
PEAK
Setting the Current Limit
The minimum current-limit threshold must be great
enough to support the maximum load current when the
current limit is at the minimum tolerance value. The valley
of the inductor current occurs at I
of the ripple current; therefore:
minus half
LOAD(MAX)
In CPU V
converters and other applications where
CORE
the output is subject to violent load transients, the output
capacitor’s size typically depends on how much ESR is
needed to prevent the output from dipping too low
under a load transient. Ignoring the sag due to finite
capacitance:
I
> I
- (LIR / 2) I
LIMIT(LOW)
LOAD(MAX) LOAD(MAX)
where I
equals the minimum current-limit
LIMIT(LOW)
threshold voltage divided by the R
of Q2. For the
DS(ON)
MAX1718 Figure 1 circuit, the minimum current-limit
threshold with V = 105mV is about 95mV. Use the
ILIM
R
ESR
≤ V
/ I
STEP LOAD(MAX)
worst-case maximum value for R
FET Q2 data sheet, and add some margin for the rise in
DS(ON)
allow 0.5% additional resistance for each °C of temper-
ature rise.
from the MOS-
DS(ON)
The actual microfarad capacitance value required often
relates to the physical size needed to achieve low ESR,
as well as to the chemistry of the capacitor technology.
Thus, the capacitor is usually selected by ESR and volt-
R
with temperature. A good general rule is to
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MAXIM [ MAXIM INTEGRATED PRODUCTS ]
