P R E L I M I N A R Y
External Source Clock
Initialization and Processor Reset
Alternately, the internal oscillator can be driven from an
external clock source. This source should be con-
nected to the input of the inverting amplifier (X1), with
the output (X2) not connected.
Processor initialization or startup is accomplished by
driving the RES input pin Low. RES must be held Low
for 1 ms during power-up to ensure proper device ini-
tialization. RES forces the Am186ES and Am188ES
microcontrollers to terminate all execution and local
bus activity. No instruction or bus activity occurs as long
as RES is active. After RES becomes inactive and an
internal processing interval elapses, the microcontrol-
ler begins execution with the instruction at physical lo-
cation FFFF0h, with UCS asserted with three wait
states. RES also sets some registers to predefined val-
ues and resets the watchdog timer.
System Clocks
The base system clock of AMD’s original 80C186 and
80C188 microcontrollers is renamed CLKOUTA and
the additional output is called CLKOUTB. CLKOUTA
and CLKOUTB operate at either the processor fre-
quency or the PLL frequency. The output drivers for
both clocks are individually programmable for disable.
Figure 9 shows the organization of the clocks.
The Reset Configuration Register
The second clock output (CLKOUTB) allows one clock
to run at the PLL frequency and the other clock to run
at the power-save frequency. Individual drive enable
bits allow selective enabling of just one or both of these
clock outputs.
When the RES input is asserted Low, the contents of
the address/data bus (AD15–AD0) are written into the
reset configuration register. The system can place con-
figuration information on the address/data bus using
weak external pullup or pulldown resistors, or using an
external driver that is enabled during reset. The pro-
cessor does not drive the address/data bus during re-
set.
Power-Save Operation
The power-save mode of the Am186ES and Am188ES
microcontrollers reduces power consumption and heat
dissipation, thereby extending battery life in portable
systems. In power-save mode, operation of the CPU
and internal peripherals continues at a slower clock fre-
quency. When an interrupt occurs, the microcontroller
automatically returns to its normal operating frequency
on the internal clock’s next rising edge of t3.
For example, the reset configuration register could be
used to provide the software with the position of a con-
figuration switch in the system. Using weak external
pullup and pulldown resistors on the address and data
bus, the system can provide the microcontroller with a
value corresponding to the position of the jumper dur-
ing a reset.
Note: Power-save operation requires that clock-de-
pendent devices be reprogrammed for clock frequency
changes. Software drivers must be aware of clock fre-
quency.
Processor Internal Clock
Power-Save
Divisor
(/2 to /128)
PLL
CLKOUTA
CLKOUTB
Mux
X1, X2
Drive
Enable
Time
Delay
6 ± 2.5ns
Mux
Drive
Enable
Figure 9. Clock Organization
Am186/188ES and Am186/188ESLV Microcontrollers
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AMD [ AMD ]
