UHꢅHLYHꢀ WKHꢀ ILUVWꢀ UHWXUQHGꢀ ꢓUꢓꢀ EDꢅNꢀ EHIRUHꢀ VHQGLQJꢀ WKHꢀ VHꢅRQGꢀ ꢓUꢓꢀ WR 7KHVHꢀ ꢅRGHVꢀ DUHꢀ UHSRUWHGꢀ DIWHUꢀ HDꢅKꢀ ꢅDOLEUDWLRQꢀ DWWHPSWꢎꢀ H[ꢅHSW
SUHYHQWꢀ WKHꢀ SRVVLELOLW\ꢀ RIꢀ Dꢀ ꢅRPPꢀ RYHUUXQꢀ LQꢀ WKHꢀ ꢂꢃꢇꢁ%ꢉꢆꢀ ,Iꢀ IXOO 9DOXHꢀꢁꢀZKLꢅKꢀꢅDQꢀEHꢀGHWHꢅWHGꢀDWꢀDQ\ꢀWLPHꢀLIꢀDꢀVKRUWꢀꢅLUꢅXLWꢀWRꢀJURXQG
GXSOH[ꢀꢅRPPXQLꢅDWLRQVꢀDUHꢀQRWꢀSRVVLEOHꢎꢀDꢀꢓVDIHW\ꢓꢀGHOD\ꢀRIꢀDWꢀOHDVW RꢅꢅXUVꢀ RQꢀ WKHꢀ &+*ꢀ SLQꢆꢀ 1RWHꢀ WKDWꢀ WKHꢀ GHYLꢅHꢀ ZLOOꢀ DWWHPSWꢀ WR
ꢉꢇPVꢀEXWꢀOHVVꢀWKDQꢀꢂꢇPVꢀꢅDQꢀEHꢀXVHGꢀWRꢀHQVXUHꢀWKDWꢀWKHꢀVHꢅRQGꢀꢓUꢓ UHꢅDOLEUDWHꢀ LQꢀ Dꢀ PDQQHUꢀ GHSHQGHQWꢀ RQꢀ 6HWXSꢀ >(@ꢀ LIꢀ WKHꢀ HUURUꢀ ZDV
LVꢀSURSHUO\ꢀUHꢅHLYHGꢆ
IRXQGꢀ GXULQJꢀDꢀ UHꢅDOLEUDWLRQꢀ SURꢅHVVꢌꢀ LIꢀDꢀ VKRUWꢀ ZDVꢀVHQVHGꢀ GXULQJ
QRUPDOꢀ UXQQLQJꢎꢀ WKHꢀ GHYLꢅHꢀ WDNHVꢀ QRꢀ IXUWKHUꢀ DꢅWLRQꢆꢀ 5HIHUꢀ WRꢀ WKH
47ꢂꢃꢇꢁ%ꢀGDWDVKHHWꢀIRUꢀIXUWKHUꢀGHWDLOVꢀRQꢀ>(@ꢆ
ꢈꢄꢈꢄꢏꢀ8QNQRZQꢀ&KDUDꢆWHUꢀ0LUURULQJ
,IꢀWKHꢀ47ꢂꢃꢇꢁ%ꢉꢀUHꢅHLYHVꢀDꢀꢅKDUDꢅWHUꢀLWꢀGRHVꢀQRWꢀUHꢅRJQL]HꢀDVꢀYDOLGꢎ
LWꢀ ZLOOꢀ WUDQVPLWꢀ WKDWꢀ ꢅKDUDꢅWHUꢀ EDꢅNꢀ WRꢀ WKHꢀ KRVWꢀ LPPHGLDWHO\ꢆ
ꢆꢁ63,ꢁ23(5$7,21
ꢉꢁꢀꢂ63,ꢂ&/2&.,1*ꢂ$1'ꢂ)5$0,1*
),*85(ꢀꢄꢅꢆꢀꢅꢀ63,ꢀ2))6(7ꢀ7,0,1*ꢀ72ꢀ'$&ꢀ$
7KHꢀ63,ꢀ SRUWꢀXVHVꢀDQꢀꢔꢀRUꢀ ꢁꢏꢀELWꢀꢅORꢅNLQJꢀVꢅKHPHꢌꢀ GDWDꢀLVꢀꢅORꢅNHG
RXWꢀRQꢀWKHꢀIDOOLQJꢀHGJHꢀRIꢀWKHꢀ6&.ꢀVLJQDOꢌꢀWKHꢀUHꢅHLYLQJꢀGHYLꢅHꢀPXVW
EHꢀ ꢅRQILJXUHGꢀ WRꢀ DꢅꢅHSWꢀ GDWDꢀ RQꢀ WKHꢀ ULVLQJꢀ HGJHꢀ RIꢀ 6&.ꢆꢆꢀ 7KHUHꢀ LV
RQO\ꢀ RQHꢀ 63,ꢀ SRUWꢀ WKDWꢀ LVꢀ VKDUHGꢀ E\ꢀ ERWKꢀ WKHꢀ $'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢀ DQGꢀ WKH
H[WHUQDOꢀZRUOGꢎꢀEXWꢀWKHꢀSRUWꢀLVꢀIUDPHGꢀE\ꢀWZRꢀGLIIHUHQWꢀOLQHVꢀVRꢀDVꢀWR
VHSDUDWHꢀ WKHꢀ GDWDꢀ VWUHDPVꢀ IRUꢀ WKHLUꢀ UHVSHꢅWLYHꢀ GHVWLQDWLRQVꢆꢀ 7KH
$'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢀ ꢅRQWDLQVꢀ WZRꢀ LQGHSHQGHQWꢀ ꢔꢄELWꢀ '$&Vꢀ ꢅDOOHGꢀ '$&ꢀ $ꢀ DQG
'$&ꢀ %ꢆꢀ '$&ꢀ $ꢀ LVꢀ XVHGꢀ WRꢀ JHQHUDWHꢀ WKHꢀ RIIVHWꢀ YROWDJHꢀ IRUꢀ WKH
DPSOLILHUꢀꢅKDLQꢎꢀDQGꢀ'$&ꢀ%ꢀLVꢀXVHGꢀWRꢀꢅUHDWHꢀDꢀSURꢅHVVHGꢀꢓV\QWKHWLꢅꢓ
DQDORJꢀRXWSXWꢆ
&6
6&.
6'$
'$&ꢀ$ꢀ&RQWUROꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ2IIVHWꢀ9DO
7KHꢀGDWDꢀUDWHꢀLVꢀꢐ0+]ꢀꢋꢉꢇꢇQVꢀꢅORꢅNLQJ-ꢆꢀ63,ꢀIUDPLQJꢀLVꢀSURYLGHGꢀE\
WZRꢀVRXUꢅHVꢒ
),*85(ꢀꢄꢅꢇꢀꢅꢀ63,ꢀ'$7$ꢀ287ꢈꢀꢉꢅ%,7ꢀ02'(
ꢋꢄꢃꢄꢃꢀ&6ꢀ)UDPLQJꢀWRꢀWKHꢀ'XDOꢀ'$&
&6
&6ꢀꢋSLQꢀꢁꢐ-ꢀSURYLGHVꢀQHJDWLYHꢄJRLQJꢀIUDPHꢀSXOVHVꢀIRUꢀVKLIWVꢀRIꢀGDWD
WRꢀSDUWVꢀꢓ$ꢓꢀDQGꢀꢓ%ꢓꢀRIꢀDQꢀ$'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢀGXDOꢀ'$&ꢆꢀ7ZRꢀVKLIWVꢀRIꢀGDWDꢀRꢅꢅXU
GXULQJꢀHDꢅKꢀEXUVWꢀꢅ\ꢅOHꢆꢀ,QꢀERWKꢀꢅDVHVꢀWKHꢀILUVWꢀE\WHꢀVHQWꢀLVꢀDꢀꢅRQWURO
E\WHꢀIRUꢀWKHꢀ$'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢀXVHGꢀWRꢀGLUHꢅWꢀWKHꢀGDWDꢀE\WHꢀWRꢀLWVꢀLQWHUQDOꢀSDUWꢀ$
RUꢀ%ꢀ'$&ꢎꢀDQGꢀLVꢀRIꢀQRꢀSDUWLꢅXODUꢀYDOXHꢀWRꢀWKHꢀH[WHUQDOꢀZRUOGꢆꢀ,QꢀERWK
ꢅDVHVꢀWKHꢀVHꢅRQGꢀE\WHꢀꢅRQWDLQVꢀWKHꢀDꢅWXDOꢀGDWDꢀRIꢀLQWHUHVWꢆꢀ
2%-
6&.
)LJXUHꢀꢐꢄꢁꢀVKRZVꢀWLPLQJꢀZDYHIRUPVꢀRIꢀWKHꢀGDWDꢀVKLIWVꢀWRꢀSDUWꢀ$ꢀXVHG
WRꢀ GULYHꢀ WKHꢀ RIIVHWꢀ QRGHꢀ RIꢀ WKHꢀ H[WHUQDOꢀ DPSOLILHUꢀ ꢅKDLQꢌꢀ WKLV
WUDQVPLVVLRQꢀRꢅꢅXUVꢀMXVWꢀSULRUꢀWRꢀHDꢅKꢀEXUVWꢆꢀ
6'$
'$&ꢀ%ꢀ&RQWUROꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ'DWDꢀ>8ꢁ[@
)LJXUHꢀꢐꢄꢉꢀVKRZVꢀWKHꢀWLPLQJꢀZDYHIRUPVꢀRIꢀGDWDꢀVKLIWVꢀWRꢀSDUWꢀ%ꢀRIꢀWKH
$'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢌꢀ WKLVꢀ LVꢀ ꢅRPPRQO\ꢀ XVHGꢀ WRꢀ VXSSO\ꢀDQꢀ DQDORJꢀ RXWSXWꢀ ZKLꢅK
ꢅDQꢀEHꢀRQHꢀRIꢀVHYHUDOꢀGLIIHUHQWꢀW\SHVꢎꢀGHSHQGLQJꢀRQꢀ6HWXSꢀ>8@ꢆꢀ7KH
ꢓ%ꢓꢀWUDQVPLVVLRQꢀ RꢅꢅXUVꢀMXVWꢀDIWHUꢀ DOOꢀLQWHUQDOꢀVLJQDOꢀ SURꢅHVVLQJꢀKDV
ꢅRPSOHWHGꢎꢀ EHWZHHQꢀ EXUVWVꢆꢀ 7KHꢀ SRVLWLRQꢀ RIꢀ WKLVꢀ VKLIWꢀ ZLOOꢀ YDU\
GHSHQGLQJꢀRQꢀWKHꢀDPRXQWꢀRIꢀVLJQDOꢀSURꢅHVVLQJꢀEHLQJꢀSHUIRUPHGꢆ
2WKHUZLVHꢀ WKHꢀ GHYLꢅHꢀ ZLOOꢀ EHꢀ VLOHQWꢀ RUꢀ ZLOOꢀ UHSRUWꢀ EDꢅNꢀ ZLWKꢀ WKH
VHOHꢅWHGꢀSROOHGꢀGDWDꢀLWHPꢆ
ꢆꢁꢉꢂ(5525ꢂ&2'(ꢂ5(3257,1*
7KHꢀ (UURUꢀ ꢅRGHꢀ UHSRUWHGꢀ E\ꢀ (YRNHꢀ &RGHꢀ ꢓꢔꢓꢎꢀ RUꢀ YLDꢀ >+ꢆꢔ@ꢀ LQꢀ HLWKHU
9HUERVHꢀPRGHꢎꢀLVꢀVKRZQꢀLQꢀ7DEOHꢀꢍꢄꢐꢆꢀ7KHUHꢀDUHꢀꢍꢀSRVVLEOHꢀYDOXHV
ZLWKꢀWKHꢀPHDQLQJVꢀVKRZQꢆꢀ
7KHUHꢀꢅDQꢀDOVRꢀEHꢀDꢀWKLUGꢀE\WHꢀWUDQVPLWWHGꢀDVꢀSDUWꢀRIꢀWKHꢀ'$&ꢀ%ꢀVKLIW
SURꢅHVVꢀLIꢀ>3ꢆꢁ@ꢀLVꢀVHOHꢅWHGꢎꢀEXWꢀWKLVꢀWKLUGꢀE\WHꢀLVꢀQRWꢀIUDPHGꢀE\ꢀ&6
DQGꢀLVꢀWKXVꢀDOZD\VꢀLJQRUHGꢀE\ꢀWKHꢀ$'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢀꢋ)LJXUHꢀꢐꢄꢑ-ꢆ
9DOXHꢀ ꢀꢁꢀLQGLꢅDWHVꢀDꢀYHU\ꢀORZꢀVLJQDOꢎꢀSRVVLEO\ꢀGXHꢀWRꢀDꢀVKRUWꢀꢅLUꢅXLW
RUꢀDꢀIDLOHGꢀWUDQVIHUꢀPRVIHWꢀRUꢀRWKHUꢀꢅLUꢅXLWꢀIDXOWꢆꢀ
ꢋꢄꢃꢄꢅꢀ2%-ꢀ)UDPLQJꢀWRꢀDQꢀ([WHUQDOꢀ'HYLꢆH
2%ꢕꢀꢋSLQꢀꢏ-ꢀIUDPHVꢀ63,ꢀGDWDꢀWRꢀWKHꢀH[WHUQDOꢀZRUOGꢎꢀVHSDUDWHꢀIURPꢀWKH
'$&ꢀIUDPLQJꢀSURYLGHGꢀE\ꢀ&6ꢆꢀ,WꢀHQꢅRPSDVVHVꢀWKHꢀVHꢅRQGꢀRUꢀVHꢅRQG
DQGꢀWKLUGꢀE\WHVꢀVHQWꢀDVꢀSDUWꢀRIꢀWKHꢀ'$&ꢀ%ꢀVHQGꢀWRꢀWKHꢀ$'ꢃꢑꢇꢑꢆꢀ$Q
H[WHUQDOꢀ UHꢅHLYHUꢀ RIꢀ GDWDꢀ IURPꢀ WKHꢀ GHYLꢅHꢀ ZLOOꢀ WKXVꢀ QRWꢀ UHꢅHLYHꢀ WKH
'$&ꢀ ꢅRQWUROꢀ E\WHꢀ SRUWLRQꢀ RIꢀ WKHꢀ WUDQVPLVVLRQꢀ EXWꢀ ZLOOꢀ UHꢅHLYHꢀ WKH
UHOHYDQWꢀ GDWDꢀ VSHꢅLILHGꢀ E\ꢀ >8ꢆ[@ꢆꢀ 6LQꢅHꢀ WKHꢀ WUDQVPLVVLRQꢀ LVꢀ SDUWO\
9DOXHꢀ ꢀꢉꢀLQGLꢅDWHVꢀH[ꢅHVVLYHꢀVLJQDOꢎꢀPRUHꢀWKDQꢀꢅDQꢀEHꢀꢅDOLEUDWHG
DJDLQVWꢌꢀLWꢀꢅDQꢀDOVRꢀLQGLꢅDWHꢀWKDWꢀWKHꢀPRVIHWꢀLVꢀGHIHꢅWLYHꢎꢀIRU
H[DPSOHꢀGXHꢀWRꢀKHDY\ꢀLQWHUQDOꢀOHDNDJHꢆꢀ
9DOXHꢀ ꢀꢑꢀXVXDOO\ꢀLQGLꢅDWHVꢀDꢀYHU\ꢀXQVWDEOHꢀVLJQDOꢀGXHꢀWRꢀVXEVWDQWLDO
DPRXQWVꢀRIꢀQRLVHꢀRUꢀYLROHQWꢀVLJQDOꢀVZLQJVꢆꢀ
),*85(ꢂꢉꢄꢅꢂꢄꢂ63,ꢂ'$7$ꢂ287ꢐꢂꢀꢊꢄ%,7ꢂ02'(
&6
2%-
6&.
6'$
'$&ꢀ%ꢀ&RQWUROꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ'DWDꢀ>8ꢁ[@ꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀꢀ6WDWXVꢀ>8ꢁꢂ@
ꢀꢀ
QUANTUM [ QUANTUM RESEARCH GROUP ]
