Sending Frames with 9 Data
Bit
If 9-bit characters are used (UCSZ = 7), the ninth bit must be written to the TXB8 bit in
UCSRB before the low byte of the character is written to UDR. The following code
examples show a transmit function that handles 9-bit characters. For the assembly
code, the data to be sent is assumed to be stored in Registers R17:R16.
Assembly Code Example(1)
USART_Transmit:
; Wait for empty transmit buffer
sbis UCSRA,UDRE
rjmp USART_Transmit
; Copy 9th bit from r17 to TXB8
cbi
UCSRB,TXB8
sbrc r17,0
sbi
UCSRB,TXB8
; Put LSB data (r16) into buffer, sends the data
out
ret
UDR,r16
C Code Example(1)
void USART_Transmit( unsigned int data )
{
/* Wait for empty transmit buffer */
while ( !( UCSRA & (1<<UDRE))) )
;
/* Copy 9th bit to TXB8 */
UCSRB &= ~(1<<TXB8);
if ( data & 0x0100 )
UCSRB |= (1<<TXB8);
/* Put data into buffer, sends the data */
UDR = data;
}
Note:
1. These transmit functions are written to be general functions. They can be optimized if
the contents of the UCSRB is static. (i.e., only the TXB8 bit of the UCSRB Register is
used after initialization).
The ninth bit can be used for indicating an address frame when using multi processor
communication mode or for other protocol handling as for example synchronization.
Transmitter Flags and
Interrupts
The USART transmitter has two flags that indicate its state: USART Data Register
Empty (UDRE) and Transmit Complete (TXC). Both flags can be used for generating
interrupts.
The Data Register Empty (UDRE) Flag indicates whether the transmit buffer is ready to
receive new data. This bit is set when the transmit buffer is empty, and cleared when the
transmit buffer contains data to be transmitted that has not yet been moved into the Shift
Register. For compatibility with future devices, always write this bit to zero when writing
the UCSRA Register.
When the Data Register empty Interrupt Enable (UDRIE) bit in UCSRB is written to one,
the USART Data Register Empty Interrupt will be executed as long as UDRE is set (pro-
vided that global interrupts are enabled). UDRE is cleared by writing UDR. When
interrupt-driven data transmission is used, the Data Register Empty Interrupt routine
must either write new data to UDR in order to clear UDRE or disable the Data Register
148
ATmega32(L)
2503J–AVR–10/06
ATMEL [ ATMEL ]
