therefore fully upward compatible with applications
that run on processors implementing the earlier
generation MIPS I-III instruction sets. Additionally,
the ACT5230 includes two implementation specific
instructions not found in the baseline MIPS IV ISA
but that are useful in the embedded market place.
Described in detail in the QED RM5230 datasheet,,
these instructions are integer multiply-accumulate
and 3-operand integer multiply.
The ACT5230 integer unit includes thirty-two
general purpose 64-bit registers, a load/store
architecture with single cycle ALU operations (add,
sub, logical, shift) and an autonomous multiply/divide
unit. Additional register resources include: the HI/LO
result registers for the two-operand integer multiply/
divide operations, and the program counter(PC).
DESCRIPTION
The ACT5230 is a highly integrated superscalar
microprocessor that implements a superset of the
MIPS IV Instruction Set Architecture(ISA). It has a
high performance 64-bit integer unit, a high
throughput, fully pipelined 64-bit floating point unit,
an operating system friendly memory management
unit with a 48-entry fully associative TLB, a 16 KByte
2-way set associative instruction cache, a 16 KByte
2-way set associative data cache, and
a
high-performance 32-bit system interface. The
ACT5230 can issue both an integer and a floating
point instruction in the same cycle.
The ACT5230 is ideally suited for high-end
embedded
internetworking,
control
high
applications
such
as
image
performance
Register File
manipulation, high speed printing, and 3-D
visualization.
The ACT5230 has thirty-two general purpose
registers with register location 0 hard wired to zero.
These registers are used for scalar integer
operations and address calculation. The register file
has two read ports and one write port and is fully
bypassed to minimize operation latency in the
pipeline.
HARDWARE OVERVIEW
The ACT5230 offers a high-level of integration
targeted
at
high-performance
embedded
applications. Some of the key elements of the
ACT5230 are briefly described below.
Superscalar Dispatch
ALU
The ACT5230 has an efficient asymmetric
superscalar dispatch unit which allows it to issue an
integer instruction and a floating-point computation
instruction simultaneously. With respect to
superscalar issue, integer instructions include alu,
branch, load/store, and floating-point load/store,
while floating-point computation instructions include
floating-point add, subtract, combined multiply-add,
converts, etc. In combination with its high throughput
fully pipelined floating-point execution unit, the
superscalar capability of the ACT5230 provides
unparalleled price/performance in computationally
intensive embedded applications.
The ACT5230 ALU consists of the integer adder/
subtractor, the logic unit, and the shifter. The adder
performs address calculations in addition to
arithmetic operations, the logic unit performs all
logical and zero shift data moves, and the shifter
performs shifts and store alignment operations. Each
of these units is optimized to perform all operations in
a single processor cycle
For Detail Information regarding the operation of
the Quantum Effect Design (QED) RISCMark
RM5230 , 32-Bit Superscalar Microprocessor see
the QED datasheet (Revision 1.2 July 1998).
CPU Registers
Like all MIPS ISA processors, the ACT5230 CPU
has a simple, clean user visible state consisting of 32
general purpose registers, two special purpose
registers for integer multiplication and division, a
program counter, and no condition code bits.
Pipeline
For integer operations, loads, stores, and other
non-floating-point operations, the ACT5230 uses the
simple 5-stage pipeline also found in the QED
circuits R4600, R4700, and R5000. In addition to this
standard pipeline, the ACT5230 uses an extended
seven stage pipeline for floating-point operations.
Like the QED R5000, the ACT5230 does virtual to
physical translation in parallel with cache access.
Integer Unit
Like the QED R5000, the ACT5230 implements
the MIPS IV Instruction Set Architecture, and is
2
SCD5230 REV 1 12/22/98 Plainview NY (516) 694-6700
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