Application Information: continued
ILIM = Current Limit Threshold;
ILOAD = Load Current during start-up;
COUT = Total Output Capacitance.
Normal Operation
During Normal operation, Switch Off-Time is constant and
set by the COFF capacitor. Switch On-Time is adjusted by
the V2TM Control loop to maintain regulation. This results in
changes in regulator switching frequency, duty cycle, and
output ripple in response to changes in load and line.
Output voltage ripple will be determined by inductor rip-
ple current and the ESR of the output capacitors
Duty Cycle = VOUT / VIN
0.27V / 3.54V = 7% » 5.2%
Transient Response
The CS5132 V2TM Control LoopÕs 200ns reaction time pro-
vides unprecedented transient response to changes in input
voltage or output current. Pulse-by-pulse adjustment of
duty cycle is provided to quickly ramp the inductor current
to the required level. Since the inductor current cannot be
changed instantaneously, regulation is maintained by the
output capacitor(s) during the time required to slew the
inductor current.
Overall load transient response is further improved through
a feature called ÒAdaptive Voltage PositioningÓ. This tech-
nique pre-positions the output voltage to reduce total out-
put voltage excursions during changes in load.
Figure 4: Pulse-by-Pulse Regulation during Soft Start (2µs/div).
Channel 1 - Regulator Output Voltage (0.2V/div)
Channel 2 Ð Inductor Switching Node (5V/div)
Channel 3 - VCC (10V/div)
Channel 4 - Regulator Input Voltage (5V/div)
OCP @
VCC > 8.5V
Holding tolerance to 1% allows the error amplifiers refer-
ence voltage to be targeted +25mV high without compro-
mising DC accuracy. A ÒDroop ResistorÓ, implemented
through a PC board trace, connects the Error Amps feed-
back pin (VFB) to the output capacitors and load and carries
the output current. With no load, there is no DC drop
across this resistor, producing an output voltage tracking
the Error amps, including the +25mV offset. When the full
load current is delivered, a 50mV drop is developed across
this resistor. This results in output voltage being offset -
25mV low.
The result of Adaptive Voltage Positioning is that addition-
al margin is provided for a load transient before reaching
the output voltage specification limits. When load current
suddenly increases from its minimum level, the output is
pre-positioned +25mV. Conversely, when load current sud-
denly decreases from its maximum level, the output is pre-
positioned -25mV. For best Transient Response, a combina-
tion of a number of high frequency and bulk output capaci-
tors are usually used.
Soft Start @
COMP > 1.06V
Figure 5: Start-up with COMP pre-charged to 2V (2ms/div).
Channel 1 - Regulator Output Voltage (1V/div)
Channel 2 - COMP Pin (1V/div)
Channel 3 - VCC (10V/div)
Slope Compensation
The V2TM control method uses a ramp signal, generated by
the ESR of the output capacitors, that is proportional to the
ripple current through the inductor. To maintain regula-
tion, the V2TM control loop monitors this ramp signal,
through the PWM comparator, and terminates the switch
on-time.
Channel 4 - Regulator Input Voltage (5V/div)
When driving large capacitive loads, the COMP must
charge slowly enough to avoid tripping the CS5132 over-
current protection. The following equation can be used to
ensure unconditional start-up.
The stringent load transient requirements of modern micro-
processors require the output capacitors to have very low
ESR. The resulting shallow slope presented to the PWM
comparator, due to the very low ESR, can lead to pulse
width jitter and variation caused by both random or syn-
chronous noise.
ICHG
CCOMP
I
LIM Ð ILOAD
COUT
<
where
ICHG = COMP Source Current (30µA typical);
CCOMP = COMP Capacitor value (0.1µF typical);
9
CHERRY [ CHERRY SEMICONDUCTOR CORPORATION ]
