Internal Clock Generation –
The Baud Rate Generator
Internal clock generation is used for the asynchronous and the synchronous master
modes of operation. The description in this section refers to Figure 71.
The USART Baud Rate Register (UBRRn) and the down-counter connected to it func-
tion as a programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down-counter, running at
system clock (fosc), is loaded with the UBRRn value each time the counter has counted
down to zero or when the UBRRnL Register is written. A clock is generated each time
the counter reaches zero. This clock is the baud rate generator clock output (=
fosc/(UBRRn+1)). The Transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2, 8 or
16 depending on mode. The baud rate generator output is used directly by the
Receiver’s clock and data recovery units. However, the recovery units use a state
machine that uses 2, 8 or 16 states depending on mode set by the state of the UMSELn,
U2Xn and DDR_XCKn bits.
Table 73 contains equations for calculating the baud rate (in bits per second) and for
calculating the UBRRn value for each mode of operation using an internally generated
clock source.
Table 73. Equations for Calculating Baud Rate Register Setting
Equation for Calculating
Baud Rate(1)
Equation for Calculating
UBRRn Value
Operating Mode
f
OSC
Asynchronous Normal
mode (U2Xn = 0)
UBRRn = ----------------------- – 1
16BAUD
f
OSC
BAUD = -----------------------------------------
16(UBRRn + 1)
Asynchronous Double
Speed mode (U2Xn =
1)
f
OSC
UBRRn = -------------------- – 1
8BAUD
f
OSC
BAUD = --------------------------------------
8(UBRRn + 1)
f
OSC
Synchronous Master
mode
UBRRn = -------------------- – 1
2BAUD
f
OSC
BAUD = --------------------------------------
2(UBRRn + 1)
Note:
BAUD Baud rate (in bits per second, bps)
fOSC System Oscillator clock frequency
1. The baud rate is defined to be the transfer rate in bit per second (bps)
UBRRnContents of the UBRRnH and UBRRnL Registers, (0-4095)
Some examples of UBRRn values for some system clock frequencies are found in Table
81 (see page 185).
164
ATmega48/88/168
2545D–AVR–07/04
ATMEL [ ATMEL ]
