1N4678 Series
APPLICATION NOTE — ZENER VOLTAGE
500
400
300
200
100
0
Since the actual voltage available from a given zener
diode is temperature dependent, it is necessary to determine
junction temperature under any set of operating conditions
in order to calculate its value. The following procedure is
recommended:
L
L
Lead Temperature, T , should be determined from:
L
2.4-60ĂV
TL = θLAPD + TA.
θ
is the lead-to-ambient thermal resistance (°C/W) and P
D
LA
62-200ĂV
0.6
is the power dissipation. The value for θ will vary and
LA
depends on the device mounting method. θ is generally 30
LA
to 40°C/W for the various clips and tie points in common use
and for printed circuit board wiring.
0
0.2
0.4
0.8
1
The temperature of the lead can also be measured using a
thermocouple placed on the lead as close as possible to the
tie point. The thermal mass connected to the tie point is
normally large enough so that it will not significantly
respond to heat surges generated in the diode as a result of
pulsed operation once steady-state conditions are achieved.
L, LEAD LENGTH TO HEAT SINK (INCH)
Figure 2. Typical Thermal Resistance
1000
7000
5000
TYPICAL LEAKAGE CURRENT
AT 80% OF NOMINAL
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE
Using the measured value of T , the junction temperature
L
2000
may be determined by:
1000
700
500
TJ = TL + ∆TJL.
∆T is the increase in junction temperature above the lead
JL
200
temperature and may be found from Figure 2 for dc power:
∆TJL = θJLPD.
100
70
50
For worst-case design, using expected limits of I , limits
Z
of P and the extremes of T (∆T ) may be estimated.
D
J
J
20
Changes in voltage, V , can then be found from:
Z
10
7
5
∆V = θVZTJ.
θ
, the zener voltage temperature coefficient, is found
VZ
2
from Figures 4 and 5.
Under high power-pulse operation, the zener voltage will
vary with time and may also be affected significantly by the
zener resistance. For best regulation, keep current
excursions as low as possible.
1
0.7
0.5
+125°C
0.2
Surge limitations are given in Figure 7. They are lower
than would be expected by considering only junction
temperature, as current crowding effects cause temperatures
to be extremely high in small spots, resulting in device
degradation should the limits of Figure 7 be exceeded.
0.1
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.007
0.005
+25°C
0.002
0.001
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15
V , NOMINAL ZENER VOLTAGE (VOLTS)
Z
Figure 3. Typical Leakage Current
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